What is Art? 2 - Definitions

This is a debate that will go on forever. Most artists try to avoid it. Here’s a quote from two professional illustrators:

 

Tristan Elwell, “You will find that most pro’s would rather swallow live rats and have them gnaw their way back out than get involved in discussions like this.”

 

Kev Ferrera, “The entire history of modern art hinges on the question what is Art?  If the question isn’t important, then modern art isn’t important. But it is important, so the question must be important. Personally, I care and think about the question, and it has informed my work measurably.”

 

Tristan Elwell, “It might be intellectually stimulating to invite the Jehovah’s witnesses in for tea and discussion once or twice, but after a while you just want to start opening the door stark naked.”

 

 Having started with that, here are some common opinions:

 

1. Art is Skill

Bait, by Alyssa Monks

This is how most people define art. You hear this all the time. “If I can do it, it's not art. Wow, I could never do that! That’s art!” People who say this get confused when they see modern art in a museum. They say, “My five-year-old could do that! That’s not art!”

 

The problem with this definition: There are two. First, in art there are many skills levels, so there’s a grey area. How much skill do you need before your work can be called Art, and who decides? At what point does an artwork cross over from being bad:

I did this as a teen.

to being "not art":

by Bjarne Melgaard

(Sorry, I don't know the title. I tried a Google image search and the pictures were so disturbing I didn't want to scroll through it at work. Also, note, I'm only saying this doesn't pass the skill test, not that it's not art.)

Second, is skill all that matters in art? Is it really just a contest?

 

2. Art is Mimesis (Realism)

Ginza Line 2, Tokyo, by Robert Gniewek

(This is a photorealist painting, exactly copying a photograph)

 

This means art is realistic – it should look like something. This is what most people mean when they think of skill. They say, “Wow! That painting looks like a photo!”

 

The problem with this definition: If all that matters in art is copying nature, why draw or paint? Why not just take photos and make videos? There has to be more to art than just rendering. As painter Stapleton Kearns says, “You can’t observe composition into your painting.” Plus, is it really fair to say that all non-representational work isn't art?

Sun & Planets, by Auguste Herbin

 

3. Art is Beauty

by Jeremy Lipking

You also hear this often. “Oh wow, that’s beautiful!” It’s impressive when an artist achieves great beauty in his art. It usually involves more than simply copying what you see.

 

The problem with this definition: First of all, there are many beautiful things in the world that people don’t consider art – a sunset, waves crashing on the beach, a beautiful person, etc. Secondly, Is beauty all there is to art?

 

Bust of a Woman, by Pablo Picasso

I think we can all agree that this painting is not beautiful. It's not very flattering. But it is fascinating. This isn't how we typically see people, so what does it mean that her nose and eyes connect to make such a strange T shape? Is that a hat on her head, and what significance do the yellow and green colours have? This is a work filled with mystery - commentary that speaks to us, and teases us. Here's another:

The Ugly Duchess, by Quentin Matsys

Don't you want to know the story behind this work? So far as I know, no one really knows who this woman was, or what she really looked like. I would say it's art for the same reason. It fills me with wonder, however comical.

Apart from this, there are times when an artist wants to portray or discuss people and topics that are, well ugly, to highlight problems of oppression, discrimination, and violence. At times like these, you don't want to hear the audience say, "Wow, how beautiful." You want them to experience a bit of the hurt that others are feeling in the real world:

"City Limits" by Philip Gustin

 

4. Art is Expression

Germany's Children Starve, by Kathe Kollwitz

As in, a form of communication. Artists speak to the viewer through their work.

 

The problem with this definition: Just like beauty, there are many forms of expression that we don’t consider art, like when you hurt your foot and curse. You might kick a wall and leave a mark, but is it art? So, how do you separate expression that is art from expression that isn't? There's also the question of whether viewers understand what you wanted to express. What if you want your art to have hidden meanings? Is it a failure when people don't get it?

5. Art is Original

Armor for a cat, by Jeff de Boer

People value original ideas. This is why so many modern artworks are popular in museums today. They were the first to have their ideas.

Orange, Yellow, Red, by Mark Rothko

The problem with this definition: First of all, just because an idea is new, doesn't mean it's a good one.

There's a difference between originality and gimmickry:

a microscopic 3D-printed figure, by Jonty Hurwitz

Then, there are other complications. Some artists, like Rembrandt and Goya are famous for printmaking - each picture is an original artwork, even though there are many copies.

St. Jerome Sitting by a Tree, by Rembrandt van Rijn

Then, there's classical music, where musicians play someone else's work, but add their own interpretation. There are countless examples in visual art where artists do the same thing - original interpretations of earlier styles, and subjects. But, we typically call it art unless an exact copy is made (plagiarism), or if the artist lies and claims it was made by another, more famous artist (forgery).

 

6. Everything is Art

Some people appreciate the beauty in a sunset, waves on the beach, a person’s smile, etc., and they feel it should be considered art, just like a painting. They feel you can find something special and beautiful in everything around you, and it doesn’t have to be made by hand. I used to say that my favourite work of art was the Earth.

 

The problem with this definition: First of all, most people would disagree. How can a sunset be an artwork if it doesn’t last? Can art exist for only a moment? And sunsets aren’t made by people. So who’s the artist? God? Nature? And does nature even know what it’s doing when it produces a sunset? Does it mean anything? There’s no answer to this question, but it does raise another question.

 

Why call anything art? What’s the point?

One reason is linguistic. We name things so the world makes sense. How much sense does it make to say, “Wow, look at that puddle in the street! What a beautiful work of art! Look at the line of slime made by that snail. It’s art!” If everything is art, then do you even need the word? In fact, some cultures don’t have a word for art, as it’s tied into everything they do.

            Another reason is that when you call something art, you’re making a value judgement. Art is something people respect. It’s special. It’s a label that people love to use, even when it doesn’t fit. In any profession, whether it’s a cook, a banker, a mechanic, a car salesman, you will find someone who describes what they do as an art form.

So, is everything art? That’s for you to decide, but here’s food for thought. Illustrator Ben Stahl once said, “Nature is everything but an artist. Only a human can appreciate art. Only a human can create art.” I wouldn’t rush you to agree or disagree, but think about it.

 

7. Art is Useless (Neužitočný)

“The only reason for an artwork to exist is that it be excellent.” - Stapleton Kearns
 

This is a definition some artists use to try to keep art simple. If something is useful, it’s a craft.

The Birth of Venus, by Hodgett, Richardon, & Sons

If you have a vase, and you use it to hold flowers, it’s not art. If you put it on a pedestal and only look at it, then it is art. A blanket on your bed is a craft. Hang it up on a wall, and it’s art.

 

a quilt from Kentucky, circa 1890-1910.

The problem with this definition: First of all, is any art really useless? Scientists who study evolution are quick to point out that a painting might not fix a flat tire, but it can make you more attractive, and there are many similar scenarios in the animal kingdom, like a peacock's feathers.

Second, this definition doesn’t always make sense. You would think an object is a work of art, no matter where it's put, or how it's used. How can the placement of an object change its definition? It’s ridiculous, and it leads logically to the next definition.

 

8. Art is relative. It’s whatever you want it to be.

You hear this a lot with post modern and contemporary art. It’s a way of encouraging experimentation. With this definition, if you want to put a water bottle on a pedestal, that’s your art. If you want to film someone shooting you in the arm with a pistol, that’s your art.

Shoot, by Chris Burden

If you want to lay down a big orange rug, and let people walk on it, that’s your art.

Untitled (Orange Carpet on Floor), by Rudolf Stingel

Some artists see this as empowering, giving them total freedom. In theory this also leads to variety in art, so everyone can find something they like.

 

The problem with this definition: It’s not really a definition, is it? There’s no agreement, no consensus. To quote painter Chris Bennett, “So, when one person says something is art, and another says it’s not... what is it? Both things at the same time? Half art, half not art? Neither?”

And who’s right, by the way? Is every definition arbitrary (subjektívny)? or is there one right answer? This is one of the major questions in the art world today, and in many ways has created a crisis. Illustrator Ben Carman says, “The word ‘art’ has lost its power.”

 

9. Art is Visual Metaphor

This is the response that illustrators Kev Ferrera and Chris Bennett hope will make art important again. The idea here is that every mark is two things at once – strokes of colour on a surface, and the illusion of a picture, whether representational or abstract. And, every mark and stroke is the product of a conscious decision by the artist. This definition tries to tie together everything that’s right about the previous ones: Everything that makes a work of art impressive, expressive, one-of-a-kind, and revealing about the artist.

 

The problem with this definition: It’s not so much a definition of Art as of drawing and painting. Photography doesn’t fit this definition, because there’s no sign of the artist’s hand in the picture. Too much control is given over to a machine. So, photography isn’t art? Here’s one opinion:

 

“We say ‘take a photo’ versus ‘make a picture.’ To take implies that something is already there and only needs a camera to be pointed at it, whereas ‘to make’ implies that someone has to build up something that isn’t already there. The way drawing works is that you think/feel/sense something, and then you make a mark which embodies that thought/feeling/sense. This doesn’t occur in photography.

 - Armando N

 

You may disagree with Armando. I have two problems with what he said. First, if photography isn’t art, what is it? An artist like Armando would say it’s journalism, but I don’t think that’s always true.

Secondly, what about collage – the art of cutting up photos and pasting them together? Artists used to do this by hand, but now it’s mostly done digitally. Often times you can’t tell a photo is a collage.

Two Paths, by Michal Karcz

So when is it art? The answer I got is, the more present the hand of the artist, the more Art it is. In other words, there are levels of Art. It’s the same problem Chris Bennett referred to about “half art, half not art, etc.” Imagine the same problem applied to drawing. How many marks does it take before you can call a drawing a work of art? Does adding more marks make it more Art?

 

10. Art is a human response to an inhuman world

 

This is how I like to explain art. It doesn't really categorize what is or isn't art, but I don't think that matters. What matters is why people make it, and the answer, more often than not is pain. The real world is rough, and art is one of the many things we do to make it better, a way to relax and to think at the same time. If you want to understand art, this is the best way to think about it.

            Artist Michael Mentler says, "I look at what I do as play, if I looked at it as work nothing would get done. Skill sets to me are like toys, I like to play with them until I get tired of them and then I need a couple of new ones. I am a hoarder of skill sets and techniques. I need new ingredients every time I approach a new work."

10 Artists You Should Know

 

Folklore

Folklore is the knowledge of a culture, handed down from generation to generation. Folk means people, and lore means knowledge. Folklore consists of the stories, songs, games, festivals, crafts (zručnosti), history, superstitions (povery), sayings (príslovie), jokes, riddles (hádanky), and traditions of a culture. Every country has its own folklore, some old and some new. Most stories considered to be folklore include folk tales, fables, fairy tales, legends, ghost stories, and local, town histories. Newer folk stories are usually called urban legends. Folk traditions include folk medicine, prayers, magic, and weather lore.

English Folklore

Famous examples of English folklore include the tales of Robin Hood, the legend of King Arthur, and the Beast of Bodmin Moor. You can also see lots of lore represented in the names of pubs.

Scottish & Irish Folklore

Folklore from these nations is mostly Celtic, from the people who lived there thousands of years ago – the Gaels, Picts, and Brittons. Much of their culture is lost, as they were conquered by the Romans, and then converted to Christianity. Famous examples of Irish folklore include the Battle of Mag Tuireadh, and the legend of the Loch Ness Monster.

American Folklore

American folklore includes stories from European settlers, as well as Native Americans. Native Americans have many creation myths, hero legends, and “trickster stories”, where a spirit may help or hurt people. The Navajo Coyote spirit is an example of a trickster (podvodník). America is also famous for it’s tall tales about real people such as Johnny Appleseed, Davy Crockett, Annie Oakley, and fictional characters like Paul Bunyon and John the Conqueror. Other bits of American folklore include  monsters like Bigfoot, the Jersey Devil, the Hodag, and the Blair Witch.

Slovak Folklore

Slovakia has a rich folk tradition with music, dancing, crafts, and stories. Slovak folklore includes the stories of Janošik, Elizabeth Bathory, Hedwig, and the White Lady of Levoca, based on Julia Korponayova, who, when spying for the Hapsburg emperor in Levoca, a town which was presently besieged by the Hapsburg army outside its walls, became the lover of the rebel Hungarian baron. During the night, she stole his keys, and let the army in, leading to the fall of the town. In the battle, she was killed.

Hedwig was daughter to King Philip of Spis Castle. After he killed the son of a Polish monarch, legend has it that the Polish king wanted revenge by killing King Philip's daughter Barbora. While Barbora and her sister Hedwig were alone in the castle, the Polish king seized the castle. Hedwig, believing her sister to be dead, jumped from the castle’s highest tower. After she jumped, a mysterious face appeared on a wall of the castle that is said to bear a striking resemblance to Hedwig.

Crafts & Industrial Design

For most people art is like air. It's all around you, you breathe it, you need it to live, but you don't see it. It's invisible. You don't think about it. This is how most people feel about crafts - everyday ordinary objects. When you buy one, you might pick the one you think looks nicest, but it's not what you think about when you say to yourself, "I need to go to the store and get a new bowl." You know you're going to buy one no matter how they look because you need one. And you really don't care which extension cord or lawn mower looks the prettiest.

So it's easy to forget that all the things we buy and use are actually designed by artists (Some might argue over the differences between "artists" and designers. In this lesson I'm using the words synonymously for people involved in creative tasks).

In the past it was different. Instead of factories, there were local workshops that produced a variety of crafts. You could meet the craftsmen, who were often your friends and neighbours, and make special orders. These craftsmen made a reputation for themselves with high quality products and beautiful designs. Today their works are highly prized by collectors. Names like Tiffany glass, Chippendale furniture, and Wedgwood pottery can sell for hundreds of thousands of dollars.

The Portland Vase by Josiah Wedgwood, 1790, England,

Victoria & Albert Museum

Our relationship with everyday objects and tools changed with the industrial revolution. Now we don't think of them as crafts, but as designs. The difference between a craftsman and a designer is a craftsman sits down and makes his or her ideas, but a designer just plans them on paper, or in a computer program. Then a factory mass produces them, and they go to shops all over the world. Mass production makes things very cheap, so people all over the world can enjoy a level of wealth that was unimaginable in previous centuries. Not everyone in the past could afford such luxuries as a Wedgwood vase. Many people made their own crafts which, while often plain and crude, are also prized today as folk art.

Designers often have different concerns than craftsmen, because they work for large companies. Little differences in a design that lower the cost might not matter to a craftsman, but are extremely important to a modern industrial designer. When you're making over a million copies of a product, a one-cent savings here or there can quickly add up to thousands of dollars, and with big business, profit is everything. That's why modern designers consider the best way to stack and pack their designs into boxes for shipping. That's why advertisers often use white backgrounds in posters:

(they're saving money on ink).

There are still many great artists/designers in our world who make beautiful products, often at low prices, and some are also collectible (beauty will always be prized). But I'm not sure if people value everyday objects the way we did in the past, especially when many things we use today are designed to be thrown away - paper cups, plastic forks, cardboard boxes, and candy wrappers. I imagine towns used to look much nicer when there were no cheap products to litter streets with - like potato chip bags, soda bottles, popsicle sticks, etc. Even when people used "folk art" crafts that they made themselves, there must have been a greater appreciation and love for these things - the joy of doing it right, of making something special for your family and friends. Sometimes I wonder, when machines eventually do everything for us, what will humanity turn into?

Here are some more famous craftsmen you might be interested in:

black figure amphora with Achilles and Ajax playing a game by Exekias, 530 BC

silver pocket watch by Edward East, English, 1645

candlesticks by George Michael Moser, English, 1740

from the Victoria & Albert Museum

side table by Thomas Chippendale, 1778,

from The Chippendale Society

quilt by Elizabeth Roberts, Philadelphia, PA, 1840

quilt by the Hargest family, Baltimore MD, 1845

glass paperweight by the Compagnie de St Louis, 1845-55

from the Corning Glass Museum

gilt silver plate by Pugin, John Hardman & Co., English, 1847

from the Victoria & Albert Museum

gold necklace with ceramic medallions by Wedgwood & Sons, 1870, England, from the Victoria & Albert Museum

Birth of Venus vase by Hodget, Richardson & Son, English, 1877

from the Corning Glass Museum

cup & saucer by R.L. Cellier, French, 1878

Victoria & Albert Museum

 

Persian Vase by Georg Rehlander, Austrian, 1878

from the Corning Glass Museum

 

armchair by Lawrence Alma Tadema, 1884-86

from the Victoria & Albert Museum

 

favrile glass vase by Louis Comfort Tiffany, American, 1900-1903

from the Corning Glass Museum

 

Gui vase by Rene Lalique, 1920

from the Corning Glass Museum

 

Salmonidés bottle by Rene Lalique, 1928

from the Corning Glass Museum

 

makeup desk & chair by Paul McCobb, 1937

 

Harmonious Opportunities bench by Wendell Castle, 1992

 

Video: Ancient Megastructures, The Hagia Sophia in Istanbul

Mass Culture

When you think of culture, you think of stories, art, music, clothing, language, religion, and customs, usually of one group of people. Cultures can be geographical and regional, but they can also be generational, social, and religious. Besides giving people an identity, they also help us form ethics and values, because children learn from their parents, and parents typically accept the norms of their society.

Mass culture brings many different groups together, forming one larger, global social conscience. Mass culture is shared by millions of people, from different countries and ethnic groups. It consists of pop music, sport, Hollywood films, TV shows, sitcoms, cartoons, reality TV, videogames, smart phones, internet culture, Twitter & Facebook, viral videos, internet memes, etc.

Mass culture as we know it today is very much a product of the modern world, spread by large industries such as film, TV, radio, and print. These industries are known as mass media. Mass media includes news and entertainment, and communicates to many people. Mass culture is the result of these media outlets, when millions of people around the world know the same actors, singers, athletes, and other celebrities.

Talking about mass culture can be confusing, because many forms of news and entertainment are seen by millions of viewers, for example the TV show Panelak in Slovakia. But, it’s not shown beyond Slovakia. Shows like Friends, CSI Miami, and Alf, on the other hand, are shown all around the world, and have been for decades. Everyone from Greenland to Timbuktu knows about these shows. So, when is something a part of “mass culture”? There’s no clear answer. Typically shows and celebrities that everyone knows about are called “mainstream”, while those that are less famous are called “underground”.

For many younger generations, mass culture has taken the place of smaller, regional cultures. You can see it in Slovakia. While older people still know and enjoy singing traditional Slovak folk songs, the younger generation prefers pop music, dancing to hip hop, and learning foreign languages. The problem is how to save and preserve traditional Slovak customs while embracing the new. This is a common problem throughout the world. There is a competitive aspect to culture, and some even refer to them as culture wars.

There are advantages and disadvantages to mass culture. Hollywood, record companies, and TV channels like HBO, MTV, and others have given us high quality, talented performers and wonderful stories and music, both for viewers of all ages. There are many genres and styles to suit everyone’s taste. And, when everyone around the world sees and listens to it, it creates a greater understanding that can help bring cultures together.

On the other hand, when we leave culture to the best and most talented, we become lazy. Imagine how the world was before cinemas, the radio, record players, and cameras. If you wanted to hear some music, you had to find someone to play it, or play it yourself. If you wanted to see a play, you might have to write it, and organize it yourself. If you wanted to take a picture, you had to draw it. Imagine how much more special it was when everyone sang instead of playing the radio – singing or playing for your children, instead of just playing the radio for them, or popping a DVD into your computer, making a cup from clay instead of just buying it at the shop. There’s a pleasure connected to making that most people don’t feel anymore.